This week, Connecticut joined at least nine other states (DE, KY, ME, MN, MO, NC, TN, UT, WV — see cases cited in the opinion, linked to below) in recognizing that, while HIPAA does not create a private right of action for violation of privacy, it does constitute a standard against which the actions of a defendant in such a case will be judged. In other words, if a covered entity or business associate or downstream contractor releases PHI other than in accordance with HIPAA (i.e., for treatment, payment or health care operations purposes, or to or at the direction of the data subject or his or her legal representative), the breach of the HIPAA rule may be the basis for a finding of a breach of a duty of care in a state court negligence action.
As the Connecticut Supreme Court observed in its opinion in Byrne v. Avery Ctr. for OB GYN, which was released earlier this week:
[A]ssuming, without deciding, that Connecticut’s common law recognizes a negligence cause of action arising from health care providers’ breaches of patient privacy in the context of complying with subpoenas, we agree with the plaintiff and conclude that such an action is not preempted by HIPAA and, further, that the HIPAA regulations may well inform the applicable standard of care in certain circumstances . . . .
[T]o the extent it has become the common practice for Connecticut health care providers to follow the procedures required under HIPAA in rendering services to their patients, HIPAA and its implementing regulations may be utilized to inform the standard of care applicable to such claims arising from allegations of negligence in the disclosure of patients’ medical records . . . .
The court also found that an action under state law was not pre-empted by HIPAA. In other words, the HIPAA standard of care may be used to judge the actions of the covered entity but that does not mean that HIPAA bars an individual from seeking redress for a breach under state law.
What does this mean for covered entities, business associates and downstream contractors? It is yet another reminder that exposure for violations of standards of care and conduct embodied in HIPAA regulations is not limited to indemnification clauses in business associate agreements or audits or enforcement actions brought by the OCR or a state attorney general. A data subject may bring suit if a covered entity, business associate or downstream contractor experiences a breach.
The Connecticut case involved responding to a subpoena. There are specific HIPAA rules about responding to subpoenas, and the provider in this case likely should have provided notice to the data subject and an opportunity to quash. The breach was not the result of an outside hack — it was apparently the result of inadequate policies and procedures, and/or staff training, at a covered entity.
Other cases could involve breaches in other contexts. For example, a social media posting including PHI could be the basis of a state law claim, not just a complaint filed with OCR. And in fact, it is likely that the plaintiff bar will begin filing OCR complaints as part of their case preparation in breach of privacy matters; an OCR finding of a HIPAA violation could obviate the need for a trial on liability in a state court breach of privacy case — the case would go straight to a trial or settlement discussions on the amount of the damages.
At one end of the spectrum, the liability under a state law claim may run into the hundreds of millions of dollars. (Consider the Johns Hopkins settlement; while not a HIPAA case, it provides a sense of the monetary damages that may be incurred through lax attitudes towards privacy.)
I urge covered entities, business associates and downstream contractors to take these lessons to heart and redouble their compliance efforts accordingly.
David Harlow
The Harlow Group LLC
Health Care Law and Consulting
Some very good points that underscore the importance of HIPAA policies, procedures, and documented processes. If you want to see a decrease in data breaches of Protected Health Information (PHI), then both Covered Entities and Business Associates should do three (3) primary things. 1. Put in place all necessary HIPAA policies and procedures. (2). Strictly enforce annual security awareness training for all employees and workforce members and (3). Build a network that has comprehensive elements of layered security and defense-in-depth within it. Call the 3 point triangle for HIPAA success, which is relatively straightforward, yet many CE’s and BA’s simply fail to grasp the importance of such initiatives. Remember that HHS | OCR has announced even more annual HIPAA compliance audits, so be ready.